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ADHD Medications - What Are the Side Effects?
Many people with ADHD are treated with medication. It can ease symptoms, but it could cause adverse side effects. Speak to your doctor if you experience side effects.
The most commonly prescribed medication prescribed by healthcare professionals for ADHD is stimulants. These medications increase levels of brain chemicals, also known as neurotransmitters that control attention and behavior.
Methylphenidate
Methylphenidate is a stimulant of first choice for treating ADHD in both children and adults, is the most commonly prescribed medication. It works by increasing the activity of brain regions that control attention and behavior. Methylphenidate is also sometimes used to treat other conditions, such as the condition known as narcolepsy. It can help people with the condition to stay alert and improve their ability to focus and pay attention.
This medication has a high risk of abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. Taking this medication exactly as recommended can decrease the chance for abuse as well as other adverse effects. Methylphenidate can trigger psychotic symptoms in certain people. It can also increase the severity of behavior and tics for some patients suffering from Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. Before beginning this medication, patients with these conditions should consult their doctor.
Tell your doctor if there are any other health issues or if you have an allergy to food or dyes. (For example tartrazine is a yellow color that is found in processed food items and some medications. If you're on Adhansia XR, you should consult your doctor.). Methylphenidate is a drug that can interact with other medications, such as opioid medicines antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, like isocarboxazid (Marplan) and linezolid (Zyvox) Methylene blue, the phenelzine (Nardil), rasagiline (Azilect) selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar), or tranylcypromine (Parnate).
It's also important to avoid alcohol and other stimulant substances when taking methylphenidate. They can have a negative impact on your blood pressure and heart rate. The immediate-release methylphenidate tablets (Ritalin) and the chewable tablet with long-acting function and the long-acting oral disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain Phenylalanine, which is dangerous if you have an inherited condition known as phenylketonuria (PKU).
Bupropion
Bupropion is an antidepressant medication that works with the brain to improve mood and decrease symptoms of ADHD. It can also be used to treat depression and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) which is a form of depression that manifests in autumn-winter. It can also be used to aid people in quitting smoking cigarettes by reducing cravings for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms.
Bupropion has been found to reduce ADHD symptoms in adults in several studies. The fixed-effect RR of the pooled study for improvement in week 6 (using an improvement that is clinically significant of 30 percent or more on a CGI scale) is 1.14 (95 percent CI 0.95 to 1.37) and, for overall response, the proportion of improved subjects was 52 percent in the bupropion treatment group, compared to 37% in the placebo group.
Bupropion may have dangerous and even life-threatening interactions if taken in conjunction with other medications. These include sedatives and antidepressants along with blood pressure medications. It may also increase the risk of seizures in those who have a history of seizure or high blood pressure. It is contraindicated in certain medical conditions and women who are nursing or pregnant are not advised to take it. Bupropion is available under the brand-name medication Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available in generic form.
Tricyclic antidepressants
Tricyclic antidepressants (abbreviated TCAs) are a group of drugs that affect brain chemicals. They were among the first antidepressants to be developed. Although they aren't utilized as a primary treatment for depression anymore but they can be effective for some people. They inhibit the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline, thereby increasing their levels in neurons. They can also be employed to treat a range of other disorders such as enuresis, pain syndromes like fibromyalgia and phantom-limb syndrome.
TCAs can be prescribed as a single or together with stimulants and they can have a positive effect on the symptoms of ADHD. They can alleviate symptoms that are core to the disorder and reduce depression, anxiety and impulsiveness. They can also aid in managing tics. These are uncontrollable, repetitive movements or sounds such as the sound of a throat clearing or blinking.
TCAs can cause adverse effects, including sedation, dry mouth and constipation, and may increase the risk of cardiovascular problems. These drugs may interact with other medications, like anticholinergics, and should be avoided by pregnant women. These drugs are also known to cause teratogenic effects on animals and can cross the placenta. If you have any concerns discuss it with your doctor, as there are newer antidepressants that have a less harmful side-effect profile.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
SSRIs are a class of antidepressants that hinder serotonin reuptake by neurons and increase the amount of available serotonin to signal. They also reduce anxiety and impulsive behavior. They are commonly used to treat adhd since they can assist some sufferers with their symptoms and work well when used in conjunction with other medications. Examples of SSRIs are paroxetine, fluoxetine, sertraline and citalopram. They exhibit linear pharmacokinetics and have a very low clearance from the human body. However they are extensively processed by CYP450 enzymes within the liver. This results in blood concentrations that fluctuate.
These medications can also be prescribed website to treat other disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder, and bulimia nervosa. The SSRIs fluoxetine escitalopram and sertraline can help to reduce PTSD symptoms. However, they don't appear to be effective for other PTSD symptoms.
The SSRIs may cause an uncommon side effect that can cause sexual dysfunction. If you're thinking of taking one of these medications it is essential to consult your doctor. Many people have to try several different kinds of ADHD medication before they find the one that suits them. Research and development of new medication is ongoing. It is also important to inform all medications you are taking to your healthcare provider.
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).
If stimulant drugs don't help adults suffering from ADHD doctors recommend a selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). These medications increase levels of norepinephrine, and serotonin two brain chemicals. They also help improve mood and reduce depression and anxiety.
SNRIs have similar adverse effects as TCAs but are safer. They are used to treat many ailments, such as anxiety disorders as well as chronic pain, such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. They can also be used as an add-on treatment for depression. The SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta), and venlafaxine (Effexor).
They work by preventing the absorption (reuptake) of norepinephrine which is a natural process in the brain following neurotransmission. This results in a larger-than-normal phasic release of norepinephrine. The increased levels of norepinephrine help improve concentration and mood.
Although SNRIs haven't been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD Some doctors do use them as an alternative to stimulants. They are usually taken orally as pills, but they can also be used in the form of patches or liquids. The FDA approved a oral SNRI, called viloxazine or Qelbree, to treat ADHD in adolescents and children in April 2021. It does not have the potential for abuse and therefore is not classified as a controlled substance.
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
SNRIs are antidepressants that alter the levels of serotonin as well as norepinephrine in the brain. They are used to treat anxiety and depression disorders, but aid in the treatment of symptoms of ADHD. SNRI medications such as duloxetine and venlafaxine have been shown in several studies to significantly reduce scores on a variety of ADHD tests. SNRIs can increase blood pressure or interact with certain medications. Therefore, it is important to consult a physician before taking these medications. In addition, improperly disposed medication could cause harm to people and animals. It is therefore essential to follow the proper disposal guidelines.
SSRIs or SNRIs haven't been approved by the FDA for treating ADHD however, doctors can prescribe them off-label. They are effective, safe and have less side effects than stimulants. Talk to your doctor about your child's symptoms and talk about the pros and cons of these drugs.
SNRIs can raise the body's levels of serotonin and norepinephrine however, they are not appropriate for all. For instance, women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not use SNRIs, because they can pass into breast milk. They should also not be used by people who suffer from high blood pressure, liver issues, or other cardiovascular conditions.
Selective dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (DARPIs).
Many people with ADHD take medication to improve their focus and concentration. Some individuals may also notice a reduction in impulsive behavior. The medication is usually used with behavioral therapy and training to help people learn how to control their symptoms. It takes time to determine the right dosage and dosage for each person. In this process, doctors check physical reactions to find the ideal balance between benefits and side effects.
Stimulant drugs, such as methylphenidate, boost the activity of certain brain chemicals that regulate memory and concentration. They are generally safe and effective for most people, however, they may have serious side consequences, such as decreased appetite and difficulty sleeping. These side effects typically disappear within a few days, as your body adjusts to the medication.
Non-stimulant medications are also available for children as well as adults. They take longer to start working, but they are able to increase concentration and control of impulses. They could include alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine, viloxazine) and guanfacine hydrochloride.
Antidepressants can also treat ADHD. They can increase the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the brain and assist with impulsive behavior and depression. Bupropion is an example of an antidepressant employed to treat ADHD. It was prescribed "off-label", but drugmakers developed extended-release versions, and the FDA approved its use as an treatment.